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MONTANA MONTANA 




AGRICULTURAL SERIES ti° 2 



AGRICULTURAL SERIES N9 2 



UNITED STATES RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION UNITED STATES RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION 



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MONTANA 



FOREWORD 



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Helena, Montana. 

Montana offers many advantages and induce- 
ments to the man or the woman who is looking west- 
ward for greater opportunities than may be found 
in their present location. Comparatively a new 
country, Montana is a state of vast undeveloped 
resources. The farmer who comes to Montana will 
find that he can engage in that business on less capi- 
tal than is required in the Middle West or in the 
East. He will be able to grow crops without the 
use of fertilizers, and his production per acre will 
equal and in many cases exceed the output in less 
favored parts of the country. 

Montana has provided liberally for the education 
of -its boys and girls; there are on its statute books 
laws designed to protect and aid the farmer, stock- 
grower, homemaker, and business man. 

Montana welcomes the patriotic, home and coun- 
try-loving men and women who cast their lot with 
us. 




K 




Governor. 



Bozeman, Montana. 

Montana is a new state in the agricultural sense. 
Only recently has she moved forward from an 
exclusively range-stock section to a farming section. 
The farming possibilities of the State are only at the 
beginning of their development. Intelligent, pro- 
gressive farmers, with sufficient capital to properly 
equip themselves for work, are needed to turn these 
farming potentialities into realities. A good start 
has been made and the Montana State College of 
Agriculture, which was organized some twenty-five 
years ago, has been a considerable factor in the for- 
ward agricultural moven^^Lcnt. For many years 
specialists in this institution have been studying 
Montana agriculture, so that now the institution is 
particularly well equipped to serve the farmers of, 
the State. Its field of service is threefold: first, to' 
find new facts about Montana agriculture; second, 
to carry these facts and other farm experiences and 



practices to the farmers of the State ; and finally, to 
give to the young men and women who come to its 
halls the training and outlook that will enable them 
to better fight the battles of life. 

The Montana Experiment Station, with some 
twenty or more specialists, is carrying on experiments 
in soils, field crops, fruit, garden crops, live stock, 
poultry, and other lines of agriculture. Study is 
centered not only on improved methods of produc- 
tion, but also upon the reduction of losses from dis- 
ease and pests. The results of these observations 
and studies are published in bulletins and circulars 
and are sent free to any person requesting them. 

The most effective agency employed by the college 
to bring the results of its work home to the farm 
people is the Agricultural Extension Service. In 
twenty-four counties agricultural agents give their 
whole time to educational and service work in their 
counties. The home demonstrators in nine counties 
are rendering an equal service to the farm women. 
These agencies, together with the extension special- 
ists, carry a message of better agriculture and of 
helpful home suggestions to all parts of the State. 
Send for the program of the extension work. 

The State College is the center from which all this 
work radiates, but at the institution an even more 
important work is carried on, viz., the preparation 
of young men and women from Montana homes for 
larger living and for larger success in life. Here 
they may equip themselves for community leader- 
ship and for service in the many special lines of 
work which the ever-expanding field of the farm 
makes necessary. Those who would know more of 
this service should write for further information. 

I heartily approve of this booklet and we are 
willing and anxious to cooperate in every way pos- 
sible with the Agricultural Section of the United 
States Railroad Administration. 




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Dean and Director, 

Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. 



MONTANA 




This field of winter wheat yielded over 46 bushels per acre on benchland of Central Montana 



Montana 



Montana is the third largest state in the Union. 
It has an area of 147,182 square miles with an esti- 
mated population of less than 800,000. While a 
great portion of Montana is mountainous and an- 
other portion is suitable only for grazing, yet there 
are in the State, valleys containing thousands of 
acres of farm land; valleys larger than some of the 
noted agricultural states of the Union. 

There was a time when Montana generally was 
considered a mining and grazing state with little 
agricultural land. That this opinion is erroneous is 
indicated by the fact that in the past ten years 
30,000,000 acres of public lands within the State 
have been filed upon for homesteads. In 1918 there 
were assessed in Montana almost 40,000,000 acres 
of land, a large part of which was improved farm 
land. Incomplete statistics indicate that there are 
83,000 farms in the State. 

Montana offers many opportunities for a man to 
obtain a farm home at comparatively low cost, 
with opportunity to sell his products at a remunera- 
tive price. Unirrigated farms with wheat produc- 
tion records of from twelve to forty bushels per acre 
and which are within a reasonable distance of a 



railroad and a town with school facilities, may be 
purchased for $15 to $40 an acre, while irrigated 
land sells for $40 to $150 per acre. 

The United States Government has in operation in 
Montana a number of reclamation projects where 
the man seeking a home may purchase irrigated land 
on long-time payments and at a most reasonable 
figure. In additioh to the Government projects, 
there are the Carey Land Act projects. These latter 
are under state control and supervision. 

The farmer who comes to Montana and settles 
within a reasonable distance of the town or railroad 
has as many conveniences and as great an oppor- 
tunity to enjoy life as does the resident of the Middle 
West. Montana is among the leading states in the 
development of hydro-electric power, with the 
result that i" many sections electric power can be, 
and is, utiliid ^.ictr operations on farms. Montana is 
most liberal m the support of its public schools. The 
result of this policy is that one finds in the country 
school with a few pupils, teachers as well equipped 
as those in towns of 40,000 or 50,000 inhabitants. 

In a majority of the counties of the State there 
are well organized farm bureaus and county agri- 



MONTANA 




Many good farms are being created in Montana. The homesteader's "shack and straw shed are rapidly bemg replaced by 

comfortable homes and large bams 



cultural agents. The extension department of the 
Montana State Agricultural College carries on in 
the State a most extensive work, so that the farmer 
who comes to this State finds the agents of the 
National and State Governments ready to assist 
him. 

One of the big opportunities offered the settler 
in Montana is in connection with the dairying busi- 
ness. In four years, from 1914 to 1918, the number 
of creameries more than doubled. In every valley 
where the creamery business has been started, it 
has been a success. 

In many sections of the State conditions are pecu- 
liarly favorable for the cattle and sheep business, 
due to the fact that a considerable quantity of land 
is designated by both the State and Federal Govern- 
ments as grazing land. Where land is classified as 
suitable for grazing only, a man may take up 640 
acres under the homestead laws. These grazing 
lands afford fine pasturage throughout the summer 
and for a considerable time during the winter. 

A very large portion of Montana is especially 
adapted to, and is being utilized in ^he growing of 
grain. In the past ten years Iri ^\>roduction of 
wheat has increased from 3,000,000 bushels to an 
average annual production of more than 29,000,000 
bushels; flax from 104,000 to 3,000,000 bushels; oats 
from 10,000,000 to 22.000,000 bushels; barlev from 
875,000 to over 2,000,000 bushels; corn from 94,000 
to 2,100,000 bushels. 



Climatic conditions in Montana have been as 
little understood as have the agricultural possi- 
bilities. Like all sections of the country, the State 
at times has extremes of temperature, but it must 
be remembered that Montana is a region of magni- 
ficent distances and of great variation in temperature 
and precipitation. Possibly the following account, 
written by Randall J. Condon, superintendent of 
public schools in Cincinnati, Ohio, and who resided 
for a number of years in Helena, Mont., will give 
an understanding. "As in any extreme northern 
state, the thermometer occasionally records a low 
midwinter temperature but the cold spells are short. 
The ordinary outdoor occupations may be carried 
on in winter with httle inconvenience. The summer 
temperatures never are oppressive and heat pros- 
trations are unknown." 

Precipitation comes generally during the grow- 
ing season, when it is most needed. Taking the 
State as awhole, it may be said that the annual 
precipitation will average from thirteen to nineteen 
inches, with a larger part of this during the growing 
season. 

Markets for the grain crops are found locally at 
the mills and elevators, there being in Montana more 
than 1,000 elevators and flour mills. What is not 
milled in the State is shipped to eastern or western 
grain markets. The market for vegetables, poultry, 
and creamery products is furnished by the mining 
and lumber camps and the larger cities of the State. 



MONTANA 




Flax is one of the most important crops in tlie dr\ land sections of Eastern. Central, and Northern Montana 

Production of these products in the State falls far section in 1918 aggregating seventy-five or eighty 

short of the demand. cars. 

All grains do well in Montana, some sections being The western part of the State is the most success- 
more suitable for winter than spring wheat. In ful fruit-growing section, particularly in the numer- 
recent years, Eastern Montana has produced corn ous mountain valleys. However, in nearly all see- 
on a commercial scale. Montana oats are noted the tions except the higher valleys the hardy tree and 
country over and the yield per acre is exceedingly bush fruits for home use are grown, 
large. In all of the irrigated sections alfalfa is a The following report of the field agent in Montana 
principal hay crop. In the irrigated valleys of the of the United States Department of Agriculture 
higher sections timothy is grown, while in all sections shows the production of the more important crops 
of the State the wild native grasses are available for grown in Montana in 1918: 

^^*^y' IMPORTANT CROPS PRODUCTION' BU. TOTAL VALUE 

In the older sections of the State diversified farm- sprmg wheat 17.250.000 ' j33.46s.ooo. 

. ,. ,,, J liix- 1- ■ i Winter wheat 8.184.000 " 15.877,000. 

mg IS bemg followed, much attention bemg given to com 2,100,000 " 2,835.000. 

dairying, hog raising, and to the poultry industry. 'iin^ ::::::::::::;:::::::;::::::;: 'ItZZo - ''i'ToZ. 

As in all new countries, greater attention has been piaxsed jI^^'ooo « ii^'om 

and is being paid, in Montana, to the production of Po'tatoes! '.'.'.'.\'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ?!o2o!mo " ^ielbiooo! 

whpat ^^^' (t*^"^^) 1.277,000 TONS 24.049,000. 

wiicaL. ii^y (\viid) 362.000 " 5.973,000. 

In irrigated sections the production of sugar beets Appks (total) 790,000 bu. 1,659,000. 

has attained considerable proportions, three sugar '^°"'' 1177,753.000. 

beet factories having been constructed in the State. EASTERN MONTANA 

Montana has soil and climatic conditions pecu- 
liarly adapted to the production of peas. In several Consists of the following counties: Carter, Fal- 
sections peas for seed are grown on a large scale under Ion, Wibaux, Richland, Sheridan, Custer, Prairie, 
contract with eastern seed dealers. In addition to Dawson, Valley, most of Rosebud, Phillips, Blaine, 
the production for seed a very large acreage is Hill, and Toole. Its chief rivers are the Missouri, 
devoted to production for canneries, of which there Yellowstone, Milk, Powder, and Musselshell. 
are several in the State. In topography it is very distinct from the rest of 

In the Yellowstone Valley the growing of beans the State. It is classed as the plains section, and 

on a commercial scale has developed into a large is a part of the great plains of the United States, 

business the past two years, the shipments from that which extends over Kansas, Nebraska, and the 



MONTANA 



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Sugar beets are one of the most important and profitable crops on irrigated land in Montana. They are now grown on both sides 
of the Continental Divide. One sugar factory has been in operation a number of years at Billings, and two new factories 

have recently been constructed at other points in the State 



Dakotas. This area has a generally rolling surface, 
broken at intervals by tree-fringed creeks and 
rivers and by occasional low hills or "buttes." 

Before the days of the white man it was an un- 
broken expanse of rich, nutritious prairie grass, and 
was the favorite pasture ground for great herds of 
buffalo. Even ten or fifteen years ago its prairies 
were hardly disturbed. To-day it is dotted with 
homesteads and broken up into many fields of wheat, 
flax, and other crops. Where the prairie sod is still 
unturned the settlers' horses and cattle now range 
and fatten upon the native grasses. 

Eastern Montana includes the great spring wheat 
and flax-growing area of the State. In fact, 60 per 
cent of the spring wheat and 90 per cent of the flax 
grown in Montana are grown in these counties. 
These crops have proved so generally profitable 
that they have hindred the establishment of more 
permanent general farming. The chief corn-pro- 
ducing counties also lie within this section. 

According to soil conditions and crop possibilities 
this plains region is rather definitely divided into 
two parts, the Missouri River forming the dividing 
line. 

North of the river the land is more generally level, 
not so broken, and the soil is black in color, deep, 
rich, and productive. It is well adapted to large 
scale tillage and the use of tractors is common in this 



section. Spring wheat and flax are the leading cash 
crops, though there is some winter wheat grown. 
Barley and oats are grown for feed. 

Southward from the Missouri, the topography is 
more broken, giving more grazing areas, and hence 
this part is more adapted to live stock and diversified 
farming. The soil shades off from black to a choco- 
late colored loam, with occasional areas of heavy land 
approaching gumbo in texture. It is a very fertile 
soil, yielding heavy crops of all small grains. In 
addition, the climatic conditions are more favorable 
to corn, and it is in this section that the bulk of 
Montana's annual 2,000,000-bushel corn crop is 
grown. 

Corn growing in Montana may seem odd to some 
"corn belt" farmers; yet Montana's corn crop has 
steadily increased. It is now twenty times as large 
as in 1908, and the yields compare very favorably 
with those states lying along the northern part of 
the corn belt. 

The seed used is acclimated seed of early flint and 
dent varieties, which have through careful selection 
become adapted to Montana conditions. The stalks 
are shorter than eastern corn, and much more leafy. 
Planting is done about May 10th to 15th, and 
methods of planting and handling are about the 
same as in other states. 



MONTANA 











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Spring wheat in Eastern and Northern Montana. Over two-thirds of Montana's total acreage is spring wheat. The acreage of 
all wheat in the State has increased from 150.000 acres in 1908 to over 2,000.000 acres in 1918 



The farmers in this section have found that corn 
fits admirably into crop rotation, and that it pro- 
vides the best of winter feed for their stock. The 
yields of small grains are about 30 to 40 per cent 
larger on corn stubble. 

Flax is a leading crop on new breaking. During 
the past few years many farmers have harvested 
flax crops whose gross returns have equalled the 
first cost of the land upon which it was grown. 

Spring wheat, however, is the chief cash crop and 
the acreage devoted to it has increased at the rate 
of 50,000 acres per year for the past ten years. 
Marquis and Durum are the chief varieties grown. 
The yields range from six to forty bushels per acre, 
depending upon the season and the tillage methods 
used. 

Sugar beets are a profitable crop in the Yellow- 
stone Valley and are promising well in other sections 
of the State where they have been tested. In general, 
they do well under irrigation anywhere in this 
section. 

Beans as a commercial crop have developed rapidly 
in this section during the past five years, about 
8,000,000 pounds being produced for market in 
1918— doubling the 1917 crop. 

Montana's population is growing so fast and her 
agricultural resources are being developed so rapidly 
that it is hard to keep a record of them all, but no 



part of the State has grown more rapidly than the 
eastern section. 

Blaine County, which is in the northern part of 
this section, is crossed from west to east by the Milk 
River, from which the Government is taking water 
to irrigate a large part of the valley. Sugar beets 
do well here under irrigation. Heavy fields of 
alfalfa also are obtained on irrigated land. All the 
small grains are grown on the unirrigated uplands, 
which comprise a large part of the county. Irri- 
gated land may be purchased for $35 to $85 an acre; 
dry farm land from $10 to $30, and grazing land 
from $1.50 to $5.00 

Carter County, in the southeastern corner of the 
State, is well underlaid with coal, thus fuel is abun- 
dant and easily obtained. The county also contains 
the Sioux National Forest Reserve of 40,000 acres of 
pine. Sawmills operating here furnish all necessary 
building lumber. The climate is good and the 
growing season long. Only one-tenth of the tillable 
land is under cultivation at present. Stock raising 
is general and profitable. Auto trucks are being 
used for hauling wheat to market. Dry land may 
be purchased for $10 to $20 an acre and grazing land 
for $1.50 to $5.00. 

Wheat, oats, barley and com are the leading 
crops of Custer County. Alfalfa produces two cut- 
tings per season and the acreage devoted to this 



MONTANA 




Alfalfa. Corn, and Range Pasture make stock raising profitable in a large portion of the Eastern part of the State 



crop is increasing rapidly. Miles City, (the county 
seat) is the largest primary horse market in the 
United States, and also ships more horses, cattle, 
sheep and wool than any other city of its size in 
the State. Farmers producing commercial alfalfa 
seed are organized into a growers' association which 
markets several carloads of seed annually. Irri- 
gated land may be purchased for $75 to $100 an 
acre, grazing land for $2.00 to $7.00, and dry farming 
land for $10 to $35. In Dawson County, flax, wheat, 
oats, barley, and potatoes are grown for market. 
From Glendive, as many as seventy-five carloads of 
potatoes have been shipped in one season. Corn, 
in this county, is growing rapidly in importance 
and the better farmers use it to rotate with their 
small grains. Dry farm land mav be purchased for 
$12 to $40 an acre, irrigated land for $50 to $75, and 
grazing land for $2.00 to $5.00. 

The prairies of Fallon County are noted for their 
wheat production. Flax, oats, and corn also are 
grown commercially. Alfalfa raising and silo build- 
ing both are on the increase in the territory along 
the railroads where dairying has been found excep- 
tionally profitable. Dry farm land may be pur- 
chased for $15 to $35 an acre and grazing land for 
$2.50 to $6.00. 

Soil and topographic conditions in Hill County 
are especially favorable to the use of tractors, mak- 
ing large scale farming common. An exceptionally 
large percentage of the land is tillable. Wheat, 



oats, flax, and barley are the chief crops. Livestock 
raising is important. A substation of the State 
Agricultural Experiment Station is located at Havre. 
Irrigated land may be purchased for $40 to $65 an 
acre, dry land for $10 to $30, and grazing land for 
$1.50 to $5.00. 

Phillips County, like all others in the northern 
tier of counties, has been settled rapidly; in fact, 
the larger part of the land has been taken up since 
1913. There is little government land left, but some 
state land is yet available. There is some moun- 
tainous territory in the southwestern corner of the 
county that has producing mines of gold and silver, 
ranking second in the State. Livestock raising is 
common. Land prices run in about the following 
figures per acre : irrigated land, $30 to $70 ; dry land, 
$10 to $25; grazing land, $1.50 to $5.00. 

Prairie County is named for the broad prairies 
of which it is a part. It lies in the heart of the State's 
corn section and produces all the cereals, wheat, 
oats, flax, barley, rye, and corn. Many silos are 
being built. Dry land for farming may be pur- 
chased for $10 to $35 an acre, grazing land for $1.50 
to $5.00. 

Richland County lies extended along the valleys 
of the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers. It includes 
within its borders the lower Yellowstone irrigation 
project, where alfalfa, corn, potatoes, and sugar 
beets are grown. One thousand acres of sugar beets 
were produced last year and shipped to the factory at 



MONTANA 




Low-priced grazing land in the foothill and plains regions, dependable production of hay, alfalfa, and corn fodder, have opened a new 

era of stock raising in Montana 



Billings. Large crops of small grains are grown on 
the unirrigated bench lands. Coal is abundant 
throughout the county. Irrigated land may be 
purchased for $50 to $100 an acre, drv land for $15 
to $35, and grazing land for $1.50 to $5.00. 

The largest body of land completely under culti- 
vation in one farm, in the State, is located in Sheri- 
dan County. It is a 3,200-acre ranch, all in grain. 
Four large engines are used in the tillage operations 
on this farm. Flax is the great new-ground crop 
in this county. Dry land sells for $15 to $50. 

Toole County is mostly level prairie, giving a 
large percentage of tillable land. Much live stock 
is raised and some alfalfa is now being grown. 
Wheat, oats, barley, and flax are the chief crops. 
Dry land sells for $10 to $25 an acre and grazing land 
for $1.50 to $5.00. 

Valley County produces good crops of wheat, oats, 
barley, and alfalfa. The county consists of prairie 
land covered wtih dense sod. Irrigated land sells 
for $30 to $70 an acre, dry land for $10 to $25, and 
grazing land for $1.50 to $5.00. 

Wibaux County is one of the smallest counties 
in the State, but has a large production of wheat, 
oats, barley, corn, fiax,_ and potatoes. Dry land 
ranges in price from $17.50 to $45 an acre, and graz- 
ing land from $2.50 to $6.00. 



CENTRAL MONTANA 

The central part of Montana includes some of 
the most productive areas of the northwest. Here 
we find soil and climate favorable to the profitable 
production of a wide range of agricultural products. 
Winter wheat, spring wheat, oats, barley, sugar 
beets, peas, corn, alfalfa, clover, grasses, live stock 
and a variety of fruits of surpassing quality are 
generally grown. In this great area there are still 
millions of acres of excellent agricultural land which 
may be purchased at a comparatively low figure. 
Thousands of farmers may establish and maintain 
comfortable homes in this central part of the 
"Treasure State." 

Considering first the conditions and opportunities 
of the western portion of Rosebud County, which is 
in the southeast of the central region, we find favor- 
able conditions for a wide range of crops. Along the 
streams many thousands of acres of irrigated alfalfa 
are raised. These return profitable hay and seed 
yields. Stock feeding is general in this section. All 
kinds of spring grains do well under irrigation. 
Much of this county is farmed without irrigation, 
and on these "dry farms" winter wheat and corn 
are most profitable. Rosebud County is one of the 
corn-raising counties of the State and the crop 
matures in good shape. Spring crops, such as spring 



MONTANA 




This picture shows better than words can describe the difference between "bottom land. " "bench land," and "foothill land' 



wheat, oats, barley, and flax, are all successfully 
grown in Rosebud County. All of the hardy varie- 
ties of the larger fruits and vegetables find favorable 
conditions here. 

There is much land available at a reasonable 
figure. The average price for non-irrigated land is 
between $15 and $40 and that of irrigated land 
between $75 and $125 an acre. 

In Yellowstone County, alfalfa, the great stock 
fattener and soil renovator, is widely grown. Three 
and four crops, ranging from three to four tons per 
acre, are cut each season and it is a staple crop on 
practically every farm. Most of the hay raised is 
converted into meat or dairy products. 

The Yellowstone Valley was the first sugar-beet- 
producing section of Montana. Here upwards of 
25,000 acres of sugar beets are annually raised and 
converted into sugar. On the best farms yields up 
to seventeen tons per acre are obtained. The aver- 
age yield for the entire acreage ranges around 
eleven tons. The price per ton at the present time 
is $10, which makes sugar beets highly profitable. 
Even at the pre-war price of $7 and $8 per ton sugar 
beets are an excellent crop. 

General grain-raising conditions are favorable in 
this locaUty; spring wheat, oats, barley, and corn 
all do well both with and without irrigation. Such 
fruits as apples, plums, and cherries and all classes of 
small fruits do well in this area Land values range 
from $100 to $200 an acre for irrigated land and 
from $15 to $40 for dry land. There is still much 



good land available at the low figures. 

Big Horn County, lying southeast of Yellowstone, 
has splendid natural conditions and offers large 
opportunities to incoming farmers and business men. 
A small portion of the county is under irrigation and 
very profitable crops are raised. The large area not 
irrigated awaits only the incoming of settlers to 
insure enormous productiveness. Winter wheat, 
corn, flax, spring grain, and fruit do well. Some 
sugar beets are raised and the conditions are very 
favorable. Dry land ranges in price from $10 to $30 
an acre and irrigated land from $75 to $125. 

Carbon County is a district with favorable condi- 
tions for profitable agriculture. The seasons are 
long and a wide range of agricultural crops are being 
raised. Sugar beets and all classes of grains and hay 
do well. Fruit, especially apples of superior quality, 
are raised in a commercial way in parts of this 
county. Prices of dry land vary from $15 to $35 
an acre, and irrigated lands from $75 to $175. 

Stil water County conditions closely resemble 
those of Yellowstone County. In the county, and 
extending into the latter, is a fertile district known 
as the Lake Basin in which the wheat yields average 
25 to 30 bushels per acre. The same types of 
agricutlure are common. Sugar beets, alfalfa, and 
grains, with a good variety of fruits and vegetables, 
find favorable conditions. The land in this coimty 
ranges from $15 to $40 an acre for unirrigated land, 
and $75 to $150 when irrigation water is furnished. 



10 



M O N r A N A 








Copt/righted 

Two to three cuttings of alfalfa, totaling four to six tons of hay per acre on rich bottom land 



iiic ^ciUi^l pal L ul the State 



Conditions in Sweet Grass and Park counties 
differ somewhat from those previously mentioned 
in the central section of the State, in that the altitude 
is higher on the average and there is a larger per- 
centage of range land. In both counties, however, 
there are large tracts of excellent farming land, and 
profitable crop and stock raising is well established. 
Alfalfa and all kinds of grains do well. Stock raising 
is carried on extensively and the splendid native 
pastures make this a most profitable business. In 
Park County the Shields River Valley, lying north 
of Livingston, is well known as a winter wheat- 
raising section. The annual precipitation is high in 
this part of the State and high yields of spring grains 
are harvested. 

There is much good land that may be purchased 
at a low figure in both counties. Non-irrigated land 
averages from $10 to $30 an acre in Sweet Grass 
and from $15 to $50 in Park County. The land 
under irrigation ranges in price from $50 to $100 an 
acre in Sweet Grass County and from $75 to $125 in 
Park County. 

Gallatin County lies just west of the Bridger 
range of mountains. The valley land in this county 
is one of the largest and richest irrigated tracts of 
the State. Around the valley and in the western 
part of the county there is much excellent dry farm- 
ing land. Though this district has been settled and 
parts of it farmed for more than half a century, 
there is still a large quantity of good land available 
for the newcomer at a moderate price. 



Spring and winter wheat, oats, barley, peas, clover, 
and grasses are the principal crops raised in Gallatin 
County. The output of winter wheat from the non- 
irrigated land is large and the yields range from 
20 to 45 bushels per acre. ' In the valley, under irri- 
gation, oats yielding from 75 to 125 bushels per acre 
and weighing from 38 to 44 pounds per bushel are 
commonly raised. 

A good many thousands of acres are devoted to the 
growing of canner's variety of peas. These are pro- 
duced under contract for the canners of the Central 
West. The natural conditions in the Gallatin 
Valley are favorable for peas. 

Land values vary between wide limits. Good 
irrigated land may be purchased for $75 to $150 an 
acre while non-irrigated land sells for $15 to $80. 
This wide difference in price is due to the location 
and development of the land. 

Madison and Jefferson counties present widely 
varying conditions agriculturally. They include 
considerable foothill and mountain land, which 
affords profitable grazing. In both are rich irri- 
gated valleys and productive dry-farming areas. 
Alfalfa finds favorable conditions in these counties 
and unusually good returns from native and range 
grasses are harvested. All types of spring grain, 
such as spring wheat, oats, barley, and flax, are 
successfully raised and in sections of both counties 
potato raising is extensively followed. The unusu- 
ally large potato which has found such general favor 



11 



M O N T A N A 




Just bench land in Central Montana 



is raised in large quantities, especially in the Ruby 
Valley of Jefferson County. 

The large extent of rich, natural pasture land, 
combined with splendid alfalfa-raising possibilities, 
make this section of the State one of the best natural 
stock-raising sections. 

There is much good farming land in these 
counties open to settlement. The prices for non- 
irrigated land may vary widely, but good tracts 
may be purchased as low as $10. The irrigated land 
ranges in price from $50 to $125 an acre. 

Broadwater County, lying north of Madison and 
Jefferson counties, is a county of excellent conditions 
and large opportunities for the newcomer. There 
is much level land and good natural conditions for 
dry and irrigated farm development. The raising 
of pedigreed stock has already attained considerable 
prominence and the Broadwater County show-herds 
of cattle and hogs especially are well known. Al- 
falfa, clover, and the natural grasses do very well 
here and this has attracted leading livestock breeders. 

All kinds of grains are profitably grown in Broad- 
water County. On dry land good yields of winter 
wheat are produced. Spring wheat, oats, barley, 
and flax are raised on both dry and irrigated lands. 

There is much land open to the incoming settler 
at moderate prices. When irrigated, the price of 
this land runs from $50 to $100 an acre. The dry 
land price ranges from $10 to $35. 



Beaverhead County, in the southwest part of the 
central district of Montana, is well known for its 
superior grain and for the very extensive livestock 
production. Here will be found more irrigated land 
than any other Montana county. There is also 
considerable range land, which affords cheap pasture 
for stock. The hay-producing possibilities are 
excellent. This combination accounts in a large 
measure for the extent and quality of the stock 
raising in Beaverhead County. 

In grain growing, especially oats, the county 
has an excellent record. There are many irrigated 
valleys where oats averaging 40 to 45 pounds to 
the bushel yield over 100 bushels to the acre. 
Other kinds of spring grain give good yields and 
are profitably raised. 

Beaverhead County offers good opportunities for 
the purchase of cheap land. Good land for dry 
farming ranges in price from $10 to $40 an acre, 
while irrigated lands range between $50 and $100. 

Turning to the consideration of the central and 
north central parts of the State, we find a vast terri- 
tory of excellent land awaiting only full settlement 
to insure rich returns. The counties of Musselshell, 
Meagher, Fergus, Cascade, Lewis and Clark, 
Chouteau, and Teton are possessed of magnificent 
possibilities. 

Musselshell County is a favorable county both in 
point of location and in natural possibilities. This 



12 



MONTANA 




Favorable conditions are found on many farms of the Central Montana Region for a combination of stock and grain growing. Many 

of the most successful farmers follow this system 



county is abundantly supplied with streams, making 
possible large irrigation development. Already con- 
siderable irrigating has been done and excellent 
crops are being raised. Again, there are broad 
stretches of non-irrigated benchland where dry 
farming may be profitably carried on. 

Alfalfa is generally raised in Musselshell county 
and three or four crops are annually cut. Winter 
wheat is the leading benchland crop, though spring 
wheat, oats, barley, fiax and corn are all being 
profitably grown. The fruit raising conditions are 
good for apples and all kinds of small fruits. 

This county offers attractive possibilities to the 
homeseeker. Good nonirrigated land may be pur- 
chased for $15 to $35 an acre, and irrigated land 
for $50 to $100. 

Meagher County, with an average altitude some- 
what higher than that of the surrounding districts, 
is especially well suited for stock raising. Hay of 
all sorts, particularly alfalfa, is raised in profitable 
yields and the broad expanses of rich native pasture 
favors stock growing. 

The growing of winter wheat, spring wheat, oats, 
barley and flax is carried on in sections of Meagher 
county, and there are many other localities which 
may be developed. The price of land in moderate, 
ranging between $15 and $35 an acre for dry land 
and $50 to $100 for irrigated land. 

Fergus County, which includes a large part of 



the well known Judith Basin, is the great dry farm- 
ing, winter wheat raising area of the State. Here 
you will find millions of acres of unsurpassed dry 
farming land, where the soil is rich and the surface 
practically free from anything that would inter- 
fere with cultivation. 

The soil is a rich loam, possessing abundant 
humus, and is intermixed with particles of limestone 
in such a way as to insure permanency of produc- 
tiveness. 

Winter wheat, leading crop, is commonly grown 
under a plan of alternate wheat and fallow. The 
type of wheat is the hard red winter variety, and the 
quality is of -the highest. The yields range between 
18 and 50 bushels an acre with an average of 25 to 
30 bushels. 

Other grains do well, and spring wheat, oats, bar- 
ley and ffax are all good crops. Alfalfa is raised 
quite extensively and yields from one to three tons 
an acre on dry land. 

Livestock raising is being developed rapidly 
under regular farming conditions. The number of 
cattle and hogs on the average farm is rapidly 
increasing. 

Around the foothills and mountain areas near 
the borders of the county, stock raising is generally 
followed. The average rainfall, which is close to 
17 inches annually, insures good natural pastures 
of high quality. 



13 



MONTANA 









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Purebred Herefords 
Many small ranch homes in mountain valleys, surrounded by open range or forest reserve, offer opportunities for cattle pro- 
duction on a very profitable basis 



Land values in Fergus County range between $25 
and $75 an acre for dry farm land and between 
$60 and $100 for irrigated land. While settlement 
has been active, there is still a lot of good land 
available, at a moderate price, awaiting settlement. 

Cascade County offers attractive and varied 
agricultural possibilities. Here we find good dry 
farming land suited to profitable wheat raising, good 
irrigated land where alfalfa, grains and other farm 
products are raised, and foothill and mountain land 
where stock ■ raising is carried on. The dairy 
industry of the county is an important one. 

Winter wheat raising is extensive and profitable 
and the conditions are very similar to those in 
Fergus County. The yields average from 20 to 30 
bushels an acre. Spring grain, including spring 
wheat, oats, barley, peas and corn, are raised 
successfully. 

There is considerable good irrigated land in Cas- 
cade County. The well known Sim River project 
is in this section and is rapidly being developed. 

Land values range between $20 and $45 an acre 
for dry land and from $75 to $125 for irrigated land. 
There is still opportunity for extensive settlement. 

Chouteau County, lying directly north of Cascade 
County, is great in area and rich in agricultural 
possibilities. The Missouri River, with its tribu- 



taries, flows through a part of it and provides water 
for the irrigation of considerable land. In the 
range days this was a rich stock raising section and 
the soil which produced the native grasses is now 
producing excellent returns of cultivated crops. 

Alfalfa, winter wheat, spring wheat, oats, barley, 
and flax are the crops most commonly grown. There 
are many broad benches where dry farm grain 
raising is well established and where excellent grain 
is being produced. 

Stock raising is still important in Chouteau 
County. There is considerable foothill land avail- 
able and the prices are moderate. The dry farm 
land price ranges between $15 and $20 and the 
price for irrigated land from $60 to $100 an acre. 

Teton County, occupying territory extending from 
the border down one-fourth of the distance to the 
south line of the State, presents widely varying 
agricultural possibilities. Here there is good natural 
range land, fine dry farming localities, and con- 
siderable good farming land under irrigation. 

The west line of this county follows along the main 
range of the Rocky Mountains. This means that 
there is a lot of good foothill and mountain grazing 
land available for stock-raising purposes. There are 
also many mountain streams which provide good 
water for stock and for the irrigation of alfalfa and 
other feed crops. 



14 



MONTANA 




One of a number of Montana Power Company's plants. This one develops 60.000 horsepower 



There are many broad benches and level prairie 
stretches where the natural dry farming conditions 
are good. Winter wheat and spring grains are suc- 
cessfully raised and all classes of small fruits and 
vegetables do well. 

In Teton County the well known Conrad- Valier 
irrigation project and a number of other good irri- 
gation tracts are located. On this land excellent 
yields of alfalfa, clover, and all classes of grain, 
fruit, and vegetaole crops are raised. 

Because of its large area and percentage of level 
farming land, this county offers excellent oppor- 
tunities to incoming settlers. Good dry land may 
be purchased for $10' to $40 and highly productive 
irrigated land for $50 to $100 an acre. 

Lewis and Clark County, situated in the central 
part of the State, is one of the oldest and wealthiest 
counties in Montana. A considerable area in the 
northern part of the county is in the Sun River basin. 
The Prickley Pear and Sun River valleys embrace 
most of the land under cultivation. Stock growing 
has been a leading industry from early days, although 
farming development has been stimulated by the 
recent completion of a large irrigation project. 
Wheat, oats, barley, fiax, potatoes, and hay are 
profitable crops. 



WESTERN MONTANA 

West of the main chain of the Rockies and reaching 
to the crest of the Bitterroot Mountains is Western 
Montana. The main chain of the Rockies may be 
defined as extending from the northern boundary 
line of the State southward through Helena and 
Butte. This part of the State is a small empire in 
itself — 250 miles long and 50 to 100 miles wide. It 
is made up of rich mountain valleys, watered by 
great rivers and including great areas of national 
forests. The soil is most productive, fuel is abun- 
dant, the climate is mild and delightful, and the 
scenery generally throughout the section makes it 
most attractive. 

The climatic conditions are favorable for fruit 
raising. Apples are grown commercially in five of 
the counties; sweet cherries and pears, in two. 
Peaches and apricots are grown on the north shore 
of Flathead Lake. Small bush fruits and straw- 
berries do well throughout the entire section. The 
elevation varies from 1,800 to 2,000 feet in western 
Lincoln and Sanders counties to 5,100 in Granite 
County. The principal crops include oats and hay 
in the higher altitudes and wheat, peas, corn, pota- 
toes, and fruits in the lower valleys. Live stock 
raising is profitable generally throughout this sec- 



15 




T TRedLodo- 



Map of MONTANA 



Copj right, Rand 



McNally 4Co. 722 oj 



MONTANA 




Winter wheat is one of the surest and best crops in the Western part of the State 



tion. Alfalfa is a profitable crop in nearly all the 
counties. Sugar beets are grown in the Missoula 
territory and large crops of potatoes are raised in the 
Bitterroot Valley. 

Western Montana is the oldest farming section of 
the State. Farm bureaus are organized in Sanders, 
Ravalli, Flathead, and Missoula counties. 

Flathead County, has a great variety of farming 
land. Wheat, oats, seed peas, potatoes, and apples 
are the principal crops grown. A large section of 
the county is Indian reservation, where some federal 
irrigation work is being carried on. Good yields 
of wheat are raised under dry farm conditions. 
Dry farm land may be purchased at prices ranging 
from $15 to $30 an acre. 

Powell County is known for good yields of wheat. 
Hay crops of unusual value also are found in this 
county. Live stock raising is general and profitable. 
Considerable farming is done on irrigated tracts. 
Dry farm land may be purchased for $10 to $20 an 
acre, irrigated land $60 to $100, and grazing land 
$2.50 to $5.00. 

Missoula County is widely known for yields of 
grain and fruit. Dairying and stock raising are 
growing steadily in importance and sugar-beet grow- 
ing is gaining in proportions each year. Limibering 
and agriculture in this county are about equal in 



importance. The University of Montana is situated 
at Missoula. Dry land may be purchased for $15 
to $30 an acre; irrigated land between $75 and $125, 
and grazing land between $3.00 and $7.00. 

Ravalli County, bordered on the west by the Bit- 
terroot Mountains, is one of the richest and best 
improved counties in the State. The famous Bitter- 
root Valley, 75 miles long and from 2 to 15 miles 
wide, has a most fertile soil and a delightful climate. 
Dairying, horticulture, and general farming are the 
chief occupations. Abundance of irrigation water 
is at hand for crop production. Large fruit farms 
are found throughout the valley, apples being raised 
commercially. Experts have pronounced this sec- 
tion as ideal for the dairy industry. Coal is found 
within the county. Large metal mining and lum- 
bering operations are carried on in the mountain- 
ous sections. Dry farm land may be purchased 
for $12 to $25 an acre, irrigated land between $75 
and $125. 

Granite County, just east of Ravalli County, is 
chiefly noted for its mineral wealth although farming 
and stock raising are growing in importance. Much 
attention is being paid to the breeding of improved 
strains of horses. Some choice irrigated land is 
found in the Hellgate Valley. Hay is the most 
important farm crop although grain growing is 
increasing. Improved irrigated land ranges in price 



18 



MONTANA 




Pure mountain air and pure water, excellent pasture, alfalfa hay, sheltered surroundings, and mild climate, combine most favorable 

conditions for dairying in the irrigated valleys of Montana 



from $50 to $100 an acre. Unimproved irrigated 
land ranges from $20 to $40 and dry farm land from 
$10 to $20. 

Mineral County is generally composed of pic- 
turesque ranges of mountains, bisected by the 
Clark's Fork of the Columbia River. In the valley 
of this river is found some rich land that makes agri- 
culture steady in its growth. Hay is at present the 
principal crop, although live stock raising is becom- 
ing a very profitable industry. It is believed that 
the county will develop extensive and profitable 
dairying farms in the coming few years, the condi- 
tions being ideal. There is considerable land that 
may be purchased at a low price. Unirrigated land 
sells for $10 to $20 an acre, and grazing land for 
$3.00 to $7.00. 

Sanders County, just north of Mineral County, is 
largely devoted to agriculture. Wheat, clover, 
timothy, alfalfa, oats, potatoes, peas, and barley are 
the principal crops. Some of the best orchards in 
Montana are located in the valley near Plains. 
The western half of the county is mainly cut-over 
lands and natural meadows. Land in this part of 
the State sells for $10 to $50 an acre, while in the 
prairie section the prices range from $25 to $75. 

Lincoln County, at the extreme northwestern 
corner of the State, is possessed of very fertile soil. 
The rainfall here is abundant, making dairying and 



farming profitable. Fruit growing is important, 
while hay raising has always been an important 
farm occupation. All the spring grains do well. 
The Tobacco Plains district is well known for its 
live stock raising and grain growing. Dairying is 
growing in importance. Dry farm land sells for 
$8.00 to $25 an acre, grazing land for $3.00 to $7.00. 

LI MATE 

Montana has three fairly distinct climatic belts. 
West of the Rocky Mountain divide, the country is 
mainly mountainous but is interspersed with fertile 
valleys of larger or smaller areas. Here we find a 
modification of the coast climate, due to the western 
winds. The altitude gives a cooler climate than 
farther west, but it is equable, the temperature 
seldom rising above 95° in the summer or going 
10° below zero in the winter. 

Precipitation in this section is somewhat greater 
than the average for the State, but varies in the 
different valleys. 

The central part of the State is sometimes spoken 
of as the Chinook Belt. This district, like that west 
of the divide, has a climate modified by the coast 
winds. Thus there are on the average less extreme 
temperatures, both simimer and winter. Again, 
many of the valleys are protected from the cold 
winds by the mountains, which appear to deflect 



19 



MONTANA 



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Apples are grown commercially in the Western part of the State 



the winds to the eastward. In the higher valleys 
and plateaus of this section we find longer winters 
and shorter siimmers than in the lower valleys and 
plains to the east. The summers are generally cool 
but the winters seldom bring severe weather. 

The months of greatest precipitation are the crop- 
growing months, a very important factor in crop 
production. Fully 50 per cent of the rainfall of the 
year comes during the months of April, May, June, 
and July, when it can best serve in starting and main- 
taining the growth of grains, grasses, and vegetables 
of all kinds. September and October, it should be 
noted, have sufficient rainfall to start the winter 
wheat, an important crop in this district. 

Eastern Montana has a climate of greater ex- 
tremes, being colder in winter and warmer in sum- 
mer than the districts farther west. This is a 
rolling plain country and therefore more subject to 
wind. 

The annual precipitation of this district will 
average from thirteen to sixteen inches, varying in 
the different sections. Here, however, we find the 
greatest precipitation during the growing months, 
nearly one-half the rainfall of the year coming in the 
months of May, June, and July. 

A feature common to all parts of the State is the 
large nimiber of sunny days both in summer and in 



winter. The air is dry and temperatures that would 
be extreme in lower and moister districts are not 
uncomfortable here. Some years see very low tem- 
peratures recorded in certain parts of the State. 
These extreme temperatures, however, are usually 
of short duration and a study of the mean tempera- 
tures for these sections shows a very much more 
equable climate than recorded extremes would lead 
one to expect. 



SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES 

Montana common schools received an endowment 
of nearly five and one-quarter million acres of land 
when the State was admitted to the Union. Less 
than 1,000,000 acres of this land has been sold up to 
the present time, yet the income from the money, 
which is invested in bonds, warrants, and farm loans, 
was sufficient in 1917 to provide $5.50 for each child 
of school age. 

No community is so remote as to be without school 
facilities. There are now more than 3,000 school- 
houses, many of them country consolidated schools 
giving partial or complete high school instructions. 
Liberal use is made of the schoolhouse as a gathering 
place for all kinds of community meetings. They 
are, in fact, community centers. 



20 



MONTANA 




Agriculture Building. Montana State College of Agriculture 

and Mechanic Arts. Here will be found the officers of the 

staff of the Montana Experiment Station 



Unique and attractive school buildings are the rule in Montana. 
No community is so remote as to be without school facilities. 



Special support for high schools was provided some 
twenty years ago when the State adopted the county 
high school law. A later amendment has tended 
toward building up better high schools in the smaller 
towns and strengthening the high school work in 
the rural consolidated schools. There are 165 high 
schools in the State. 

For some years the work of higher education in 
the State institutions has been unified under a sys- 
tem which gives to the people many of the advan- 
tages enjoyed, in states where all the institutions 
are consolidated in one. 

At Missoula is located the State University. 
Here are general collegiate courses offering wide 
opportunity of selection to meet various needs both 
for undergraduate and for graduate study. Here 
also are the five professional schools of law, phar- 
macy, forestry, journalism, and music. 

The main technical activities are centered at 
Bozeman, in the famous Gallatin Valley, at the Col- 
lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, with its 
extensive and well equipped experiment farms. 
Here are various courses of instruction, particularly 
in agriculture, engineering, applied science, and in 
household and industrial arts. From the college, 
as a center, the agricultural extension service, with 
its county agricultural agents, its home demon- 



strators, and ■ its leaders of boys' and girls' club 
work, reaches out into every corner of the State. 

In the city of Butte, on the richest ore-producing 
hill in the world, is located the State School of 
Mines, where the students are brought into daily 
contact with the men who are engaged in taking out 
copper ore and carrying on the work of the great 
reduction plants. 

For the training of teachers for the public schools 
the State has established at Dillon the State Normal 
College. Students have here the opportunity for 
actual practice in one of the most practical and 
efficient systems of model training schools, both 
town and rural, in the West. 

These four institutions together make up "The 
University of Montana," whose executive head- 
quarters are located at the State Capitol in Helena. 

Tuition in these institutions is free to all residents 
of the State, and arrangements are made whereby 
excellent living accommodations are available at 
very moderate cost. In the past year a most inter- 
esting experiment has been carried out very success- 
fully for equalizing to residents of all parts of the 
State the advantages of higher education; the State 
has refunded to every student all necessary railroad 
fare in excess of $5.00 for the round trip between 
home and the institution attended. 



21 



M O N 1^ A N A 




Meeting of one of the County Farm Bureaus 



In addition to the state institutions there are a 
number of private and denominational schools, such 
as the Montana Wesleyan College (Methodist) and 
Mount St. Charles College (Catholic) at Helena, 
and the Billings Polytechnic School. 

FARM ORGANIZATIONS 

The homeseeker who appreciates the benefits of 
membership in a good farm organization will have 
ample opportunity to join progressive associations. 

As a means of uniting both the organized and the 
unorganized farmers in an association for the devel- 
opment of more economic agriculture, the estab- 
lishment of community ideals, and the general 
improvement of the well being, prosperity, and 
happiness of the country people, the Farm Bureau 
lias been formed in the principal agricultural coun- 
ties of the State. The county agricultural agent, 
who works under the direction of the Farm Bureau, 
and who assist the organization in the solution of its 
problems, is of great benefit to the new settlers. 
Familiar with the soil, climate, and crop conditions, 
and with the experience of the best farmers of the 
county back of him, he receives at the Farm Bureau 
office many calls for advice from the new settlers. 

With the assistance of extension specialists from 
the State College, farmers' institutes, short courses. 



demonstrations, lectures, and picnics are held under 
the auspices of the Farm Bureau. 



CHURCHES 

The Jesuit missionary' preceded the gold seeker 
into Montana. Later, and with the gold hunters, 
came ministers and missionaries of the various 
denominations. To-day Montana is dotted with 
churches representing all denominations in America. 
Large church buildings are the pride of every Mon- 
tana city and town. The churches are well organ- 
ized, with hospitals, charitable institutions, and 
schools operated under their various managements. 

LIVE STOCK 

Montana has long been recognized as one of the 
states leading in opportunities and possibilities for 
the live stock breeder. Up to the present, the 
resources for the production of stock have not been 
developed to anything like their maximum. The 
pioneer stockman considered that this great north- 
western State would never be developed as a breeding 
ground; that the soil, feed, and climate were 
adapted only to growing and fattening of live stock. 
Led by a few far-seeing breeders, this old idea has 
been completely dispelled and it has been conclu- 



22 



M O NT AN A 




Hogs in alfalfa, in Eastern Montana. This farm produces from two to three car loads of hogs for market each year 



sively proven that all classes and types of improved 
live stock can be bred and developed to the degree 
that they are second to none when placed in the 
show ring, on the race courses, or on the commercial 
market. 

Montana, the range state, has been greatly 
changed in the past twenty-five years. Much of 
the land has been taken over for farming purposes, 
and as a result new fields are opened for both the 
live stock feeder and breeder. Greater development 
in general farming will come in the next few years, 
but this State will always offer great opportunity 
for live stock production under both farm and range 
conditions. 

In the pioneer days cattle were bought in the 
Southwest and trailed across the country to the 
natural feeding grounds of Montana. Here on the 
native grasses and good water they grew and fat- 
tened. Seeing the natural advantages of the cli- 
mate, soil, and feeds, breeding herds were soon 
established on the open ranges. From these early 
established herds cattle have been sent to the lead- 
ing markets by train loads and command the top 
prices, both as feeders and as finished beef. Mon- 
tana bred range cattle have won many ribbons at 
the International Live Stock Exposition where they 



compete with cattle from all sections of the United 
States. 

Range cattle are and will continue to be a large 
factor in the live stock industry of the State. On the 
60,000,000 acres of mountainous and broken prairie 
lands capable of growing grass are yet found thou- 
sands of cattle. The large herds of the past are 
gradually disappearing, but thousands of small 
owners are keeping up the average number, the 
range providing the summer feed and the farms 
adjoining those summer ranges providing winter 
feed. The evolution of the range cattle business 
has changed from an exclusive feeding to a breeding 
industry. 

Feeds adapted to breeding, growing, and fattening 
of cattle can be grown abundantly in the different 
sections. For winter feeding the corn, oats, barley, 
alfalfa, and clover hay of the Yellowstone drainage 
area; the clover, alfalfa, blue joint, and native hays, 
combined with the oats and barley grown in the cen- 
tral, northern, and western parts of the State, give 
equal results in growing and fattening cattle with 
similar feeds in the older American farming sections. 
In fact, native hay produced in some sections of the 
State has such feeding value that cattle can be fat- 
tened on hay alone. 



23 



M ONT AN A 




Sheep on open range in Montana. 
Elxceptional opportunities are offered for small bands of sheep on open range 



The forest ranges, native grasses of the open range 
and irrigated pastures, afford summer feed that is 
second to none, while in the irrigated valleys pasture 
can be established that compares favorably with the 
century-old pastures of England and Scotland. 

As farming develops in the State, the demand for 
good, well-bred cattle for foundation herds will 
increase. Beef cattle can be wintered to good advan- 
tage on the coarse forages and straw produced on the 
farm. 

As in the older farming sections, the silo is coming 
to be part of the beef cattle breeder's farm equip- 
ment. Corn in the lower and warmer valleys, giant 
Russian sunflowers or oats and peas in the higher, 
cooler valleys, can be successfully grown for silage 
with very satisfactory yields per acre. 

During the past few years no class of live stock in 
Montana has returned as high a per cent on money 
invested as has sheep. The feeds and climatic 
conditions of the State are admirably adapted to the 
production of high-class wool and mutton. Grade 
lambs are frequently shipped to market, directly 
from summer range, weighing seventy-five to eighty 
pounds. Wool produced in Montana is much 
sought after by manufacturers, because of the low 
shrink as compared with some other range wools 
and because of its lustre, length, and strength of 
staple. 



The range country will continue to produce the 
greater proportion of the sheep and wool of the 
State. Over much of the range country sheep 
appear to do particularly well, and are the most 
efficient agency for turning the yearly grass crop 
into products valuable to man. 

On the farms, sheep are receiving increased atten- 
tion. Here nearly all the common breeds are found, 
but the various mutton breeds are the most popular. 

Farmers in both the irrigated and dry land sec- 
tions have an unusual opportunity for profitable 
production of high-class hogs. Much waste in the 
wheat, oats, pea, and bean fields can be converted 
into profit by turning hogs into the fields after 
harvest. 

For growing and feeding hogs, Montana grains, 
supplemented by alfalfa hay or with by-products 
from Montana mills and packing plants, are second 
to none. Proof of this statement is evidenced by 
the fact that Montana grown and fed hogs not only 
topped the Chicago market, but are much sought 
after by firms manufacturing the highest grades of 
hams and bacon. 

Experiments at the Montana State Experiment 
Station demonstrate that in the dry lot 100 pounds 
of pork can be produced with 360 to 400 pounds of 
barley, supplemented by 8 pounds of tankage. 
By utilization of forage crops during the summer 



MONTANA 




The State is admirably adapted naturally to the rapid growth and development of the dairy industry 



for the growing pigs, the gains can be made at 
approximately 325 pounds of barley per 100 pounds 
of gain. 

The development of packing plants and markets 
in several parts of the State combined with the strong 
demand for pure-bred breeding stock, an abundance 
of good feed and water, and practically no loss from 
cholera, make a very promising future for the hog 
breeder. 

Montana range horses have long been noted for 
their constitution and their enduring qualities. 
This reputation which the early horse stock gained 
was not due to superior strains of blood and breed- 
ing, but to the fact that the native feeds, soil, and 
climate are particularly adapted to the development 
of strong, rugged horses. 

The demand for small, light horses is very limited 
at present, but heavy, sound draft stock will always 
be in good demand by Montana farmers and 
ranciiers. 



POSSIBILITIES 



mr? r\ k irywi'wr^ 



IN MONTANA 



This State is admirably adapted naturally to 
rapid growth and development of the dairy industr\'. 
In the mountainous areas exists a wide range of 



climatic conditions. The sheltered upland valleys, 
where the days are pleasant and the nights are 
cool, will always furnish an abundance of cheap 
pasturage and forage crops for cows, while the rich 
lower valleys will be productive of grains, grasses, 
alfalfa, clovers, sunflowers, oats, peas, and other 
silage crops. Such conditions make possible the 
economical production of milk and cream of very 
high quality. On several of the irrigated govern- 
ment projects the dairy industry is growing very 
rapidly. The land units on these areas are usually 
small and require an intensive system of farming. 
The dairy business also fits in well with the beet 
sugar and pea canning industries, a combination 
which insures a profitable disposition of beet tops, 
beet pulp, and canning refuse. 

There are few places on the American continent 
so well adapted naturally to the production of 
strong vigorous cows as is Montana, where the 
number is increasing rapidly. In 1908 there were 
75,000 head, while in 1918 they numbered 179,000, 
an increase of more than 138 per cent in ten years. 
The number of Holstein cows in Montana at present 
is greater than all other dairy breeds combined, 
yet there are a number of splendid pure bred 
and grade herds of Jersey, Guernsey, Ayrshire, and 
Brown Swiss, which are well adapted to wide varia- 
tion of climate. 



MONTANA 




Timothy and alsike clover is a paying crop in Western Montana 



Facilities for handling the output of the dairy 
herds are improving each year. The number of 
creameries, about sixty-four at present, has doubled 
in the past five years. The output of butter in 1918 
was over 6,500,000 pounds, but was not sufficient 
to supply even local demands. Cheese factories 
also are coming to the front. The first one to oper- 
ate continuously throughout the year was started 
in 1915. In the summer of 1918 there were ten in 
operation, with an output of nearly 1,000,000 
pounds of high-grade cheese. 

The co-operative plan of manufacturing butter 
and cheese is very successful. 

The output of dairy products in Montana has not 
kept pace with the increase of population. The 
demand still is greater than the supply. Butte, 
Great Falls, Helena, Billings, Lewistown, Missoula, 
Anaconda, and other growing cities furnish splendid 
markets at all seasons of the year for milk, butter, 
cheese, and frozen products. 

The State of Montana maintains a department of 
dairy husbandry at the State College of Agriculture 
and Mechanic Arts at Bozeman, with splendid 
facilities for giving instructions in farm dairying, in 
the manufacture of dairy products, and dairy exten- 



sion work in college and short courses, farmers' 
extension schools, dairy meetings, high schools, 
dairy calf clubs, and agricultural fairs. There are 
also the State Dairymen's Association and Butter 
and Cheese Makers' Association which meet annu- 
ally and do much to bring the dairymen together for 
mutual benefit. 



PUBLIC AND STATE LANDS 

The report of the commissioner of the general land 
office, for the year ending July 1, 1917, shows that 
there were on that date 11,818,414 acres of unappor- 
tioned and unreserved public lands in Montana. 
In that year one-third of all of the public land filed 
upon in the United States was in Montana. Proba- 
bly less than half of the land now open for filing in 
the State under the homestead laws is suitable for 
farming. Much of it has been classified as grazing, 
timber, and broken land. Such of this homestead 
land as would be desirable for those who want to 
make farm homes, is located a considerable distance 
from railroads and towns. Until there are exten- 
sions of railway systems this land will not be desir- 
able for the homeseeker, unless he has a fair amount 



26 



M ONT AN A 




An open view of Lignite Coal. The common domestic fuel for the settler 



of capital and is willing to live a considerable distance 
from the more modern conveniences. 

Under the public land laws a man may take a 
homestead of 640 acres of grazing land or 320 acres 
of semi-arid land suitable for farming without irri- 
gation and which has no possibility of irrigation. 
The third class is land which may be taken up in 
160-acre tracts. There remains for entry but little 
land that comes under the 640-acre law. 

There are ten land districts in Montana, each con- 
taining a United States Land Office for the admin- 
istration of the public land affairs of that particular 
district. These land offices are located at Billings, 
Bozeman, Glasgow, Great Falls, Havre, Helena, 
Kalispell, Lewistown, Miles City, and Missoula. 

Several million acres granted by the Federal Gov- 
ernment to the public schools and higher educa- 
tional institutions in Montana are available for 
settlers. Under the constitution these lands cannot 
be sold for less than $10 an acre. Once a year lands 
in each county are put up at auction and sold to the 
highest bidder. 

All State lands except coal land and some timber 
land are for sale, but before the lands are put up 
at auction an application to buy must be filed. 
Those who wish to have State land offered for sale 
are required to make formal application to the 



State Land Oflfice at Helena for the desired tract. 
The land will then be offered at the next sale held 
in the county where the land is located. These 
applications must be filed five weeks prior to the 
date of the sale. Sale of State lands can be made 
only to citizens of the United States, to those whO' 
have declared their intention to become citizens or 
to corporations organized under the laws of the 
State. 

Not more than 160 acres classified as agricultural 
land susceptible of irrigation, nor more than 320 
acres classified as agricultural land not susceptible 
of irrigation, nor more than 640 acres classified as 
grazing land shall be sold to one purchaser. This, 
makes a total of 1120 acres in all that one person 
may buy. 

NATIIRAT RFC;r>IIRrF? 

Montana has an area in acres of 90,000,000, of 
which 30,000,000 acres are classified as farm lands, 
30,000,000 as grazing lands and the same amount 
in timber and mineral lands. It is estimated that 
not to exceed 8,000,000 acres of farming land are 
under cultivation, leaving undeveloped more than 
20,000,000 acres suitable for agriculture. 

While the days of the big range herds of cattle 
and bands of sheep have virtually passed in this 



27 



MONTANA 



State, the millions of acres of grazing lands remain, 
and they will for all time furnish grazing, not for 
the men who own thousands of head of live stock, 
but for the farmer who runs a small bunch of cattle 
or a little band of sheep. 

One of the greatest and most valuable of the 
undeveloped resources of Montana is phosphate, 
large deposits of which are found in southern Mon- 
tana. It will be many years before the lands of 
the State will require the application of a commercial 
fertilizer, but when that time does come Montana 
will have the material within its borders. 

Though Montana, in 1917, ranked second among 
the states in the production of silver, copper and 
zinc and fifth in the production of gold, it may be 
said truthfully that its mineral resources have been 
but scratched and its wealth in this respect has 
reached only the initial stage of development. 
Large and profitable as have iDeen the markets for 
farm products in the past in the centers of the min- 
eral industry', they will furnish an outlet for produce 
in the future, as the resources are developed, that 
will mean thousands of dollars to the farmer. 

In its timbered sections it is estimated that 
Montana has standing on permanent productive 
timber land, fifty-eight billion feet of timber. The 
sawmill industry was of necessity among the first 
when the pioneers came and it has developed until 
to-day 15,000 men are thus employed. Many 
large sawmills are in operation and the annual 
product of the merchantable timber is four hun- 
dred million feet. More than half of the merchantable 
timber in Montana is in the national forest reserves, 
owned and under the jurisdiction of the Federal 
Government. The Government ownership assures 
the development of this source of wealth and not 
its elimination, as has been the experience where 
the timbered areas were individually owned. 

Montana has other natural resources, in large part 
undeveloped. It has developed coal lands in almost 
every section of the State, while those undeveloped 
extend over a large territory. An idea of the 
development of the coal mining industry here may 
be had when it is said that the output of the coal 
mines increased from two million tons in 1907 to 
about five million tons in 1917. 

In northern, central and southeastern Montana 
there have been oil and gas developments which 
indicate that in these two resources the State has 
untold wealth. It is only within the past two 
years that the United States Geological survey 
reported Montana among the oil producing states. 
In 1916 the State was credited with a production 



of 44,917 barrels. In 1917 this production more 
than doubled, according to the same authority. 
The natural gas areas is larger than the oil fields. 
Wells have been struck in the northern, central and 
southern portions of the State. 

In southwestern Montana, in Jefferson County, 
there are proved vast deposits of iron ore, so far 
not utilized, but available when Montana reaches 
the state where industrial development will require 
that material. 

Developed and undeveloped water power for 
generating electricity is not only a present source 
of natural wealth, but one the value of which can 
not be estimated. Montana with its mountain 
streams and its great rivers is admirably adapted 
to the generation of hyrdo-electric power. The 
development up to this time aggregates 250,000 
horse-power, utilized in the operation of the mines 
at Butte and elsewhere, in the running of street 
cars in several cities, the lighting of many towns, 
and in the operation of numerous factories. One 
of the uses to which this hydro-electric power has 
been devoted, of importance to the agricultural 
development of the State, is in irrigation. 

The home builder in Montana is fortunate in that 
the materials needed for construction are abundant 
and reasonable in price. If he settles in the timbered 
sections he can obtain from the officials of the forest 
reserve service "a permit to purchase logs for houses 
and other home structures and posts for fencing at a 
very low figure. There are small sawmills in the 
vicinity of these forests where one can have the logs 
cut into boards. 

Those who take up their residence in the sections 
which are not timbered, may purchase, at moderate 
cost, lumber which is manufactured in Montana 
from timber cut from privately owned lands. There 
are two large cement factories with a capacity for 
supplying the State requirements even should 
the requirements grow far beyond present pro- 
portions. 

Equally fortunate is the settler in his ability 
to obtain fuel. Under the rules of the forest 
service, the country dweller may obtain without any 
cost beyond the hauling, his year's supply of wood 
for fuel. If he lives too far from a timbered section 
to avail himself of this privilege, he can obtain 
bittmiinous coal from Montana mines. In northern 
and eastern Montana there are very extensive 
deposits of lignite coal, which can be had for the 
digging. On many ranches in those sections the 
residents have this lignite coal on their own property. 



28 



MONTANA 




A main irrigation Canal. The outstanding feature of Montana s irrigation projects is the abundant supply of water 



RECLAMATION AND IRRIGATION 

The many people unfamiliar with irrigation farm- 
ing are inclined to regard this type of agriculture 
as very costly, and necessary only where desert 
conditions prevail. That this conclusion is not well 
founded is shown by the uniformly high productive- 
ness of irrigated land and the policy of the Federal 
Government to increase the irrigated areas. 

On the irrigated farm one more factor of produc- 
tion — the water supply — is under the farmer's con- 
trol. When water is needed for the pastures or 
growing crops it may be added. This prevents the 
drop in feed supply by the drying of the pastures 
that almost always occurs where irrigation is not 
practiced. The pastures are kept in active growth. 

The cost of irrigation in Montana ranges from 
$2.00 to $3.00 per acre, for all features of the work. 
Irrigation simply supplements the natural precip- 
itation and insures against dry years and dry 
periods. 

With the western part of Montana cut by the 
continental divide, the State has mountains that 
act as a great reservoir, storing up in the winter, fall, 
and spring the snows that' feed thousands of creeks 
and rivers during the summer. The rapid fall of 
the streams through the valleys and the mountain- 
ous country where the streams arise combine to 
offer exceptional irrigation facilities. 



In 1910 Montana stood third among the states 
of the Union in point of area under irrigation. At 
that time the State had 1,678,084 acres actually 
irrigated, with 526,000 acres under the ditch ready 
to have the water turned on, and 1,310,000 acres in 
projects under way. The war delayed the fullest 
development of these projects but there has been 
considerable increase in the acreage since 1910 and 
provision is being made to push the work rapidlv. 
Of a total of 90,000,000 acres of land in Montaiia 
there is 30,000,000 acres classed as farming land. 
Of this amount, it is estimated that 12,000,000 acres 
may be irrigated. 

In the southeastern section of the State is the 
group of counties comprising Custer, Fallon, Daw- 
son, Rosebud, and Big Horn. More than 100.000 
acres in this division are irrigated and more than 
200,000 acres being provided for in the capability of 
present projects and of projects under way. 

In the Upper Yellowstone district are embraced 
mainly the counties of Yellowstone, Carbon, Still- 
water, Sweetgrass, and Park. In 1910 there were 
400,000 acres irrigated in this section. About 25,000 
acres are annually devoted to sugar Jjeet raising, the 
sugar factory at Billings being located in the heart 
of this irrigated district. This region is among the 
best watered in Montana. The Yellowstone River 
rises in the mountains of Yellowstone National Park 
and its flow is ample for all present diversions from 



29 



MONTANA 



the main stream itself. The principal tributaries 
which water irrigated valleys are the Shields and 
Boulder rivers, Big Timber and Sweet Grass creeks, 
Stillwater River, and Clarke Fork and Rocky 
Creek. The flow of the Yellowstone near the Mon- 
tana line is nearly 2,000,000 acre-feet. 

The Upper Missouri section includes the counties 
of Beaverhead, Madison, Gallatin, Jefferson, Broad- 
water, and Lewis and Clark. The last census gives 
this section the largest irrigated area a total of 
540,000 acres or practically one-third the State total. 
The principal water supply is obtained from the 
main headwater branches of the Missouri, the Galla- 
tin, Jefferson, and Madison rivers. The Beaver- 
head River, in this section, was one of the first 
streams of Montana to be used for irrigation. The 
Gallatin Valley is the most fully developed area in 
this section. 

The southwestern section covers the portion of 
Montana west of the continental divide and tribu- 
tary to the Missouri River. It comprises the coun- 
ties of Ravalli, Granite, Powell, with parts of Mis- 
soula, Deer Lodge, Lewis and Clark, and Silver 
Bow. In 1909 there were about 225,000 acres irri- 
gated in this section, 100,000 acres more being in- 
cluded in projects. Other sources of water supply 
are the Big Blackfoot River, the Missoula River, 
whose diversion is limited, and the Bitter Root River. 
From the Bitter Root River and its tributaries 
100,700 acres are irrigated. The irrigable land of 
this valley has been quite largely developed. The 
high values of land make practical the construction 
of systems whose cost would be above the eco- 
nomical limit in other parts of the State. 

The northeast section of the State includes the 
counties of Hill, Blaine, Valley, Phillips, and Sheri- 
dan, and a part of Chouteau County. This section 
includes the drainage from north of the Missouri 
River, the Milk River being the principal stream. 
While the Milk River does not head in regions of 
sufficient snowfall to give it a sustained summer 
flow, it is joined with the St. Mary's, which is sus- 
tained by the heavy glaciers, of the Glacier Park 
region. In order to use the irregular flow of the 
Milk River spring flooding has been practiced. 
During the spring flood season, the water is diverted 
to the soil and held by dikes until 'the soil has 
absorbed its capacity. This water is sufficient to 
mature grain and in some cases two or three crops 
of alfalfa. 

The Milk River project includes an irrigable area 
of 200,000 acres. Irrigation is carried on along 
creeks tributary to the Milk River, in Chouteau, 
Hill, Blaine, and Phillips counties. Along the 



Poplar and Big Muddy rivers of Sheridan County 
large irrigated tracts have been developed. 

The north central irrigation division of Montana 
includes Teton County and parts of Hill, Chouteau, 
Cascade, Toole, and Lewis and Clark counties. 
Teton County has the largest proportion of irrigated 
land of all the Montana counties. In this county 
are found parts of the following projects: Sun 
River, Dearborn River, Conrad-Valier, Blackfeet, 
Teton, and Little Missouri. The Sun River project 
has an irrigable area of 173,795 acres. With more 
than 500,000 acres in this section of the State to 
come under projects at present definitely planned or 
already under construction, the advancement of the 
section can be only rapid. 

The central Montana division includes the coun- 
ties of Musselshell, Meagher, Wheatland, Fergus, 
and parts of Chouteau and Cascade. The Mussel- 
shell project, the Flatwillow project. Smith River 
and Judith River, all supply water over a large 
territory. More than 200,000 acres are under the 
ditch or included in projects now under way. The 
Musselshell River irrigates its valley lands by direct 
flow. An additional area of thousands of acres 
could be irrigated by this stream. 

The northwestern district comprises Flathead, 
Lincoln, Sanders, Mineral, and parts of Powell and 
Missoula counties. It is the drainage section of the 
Kootenai and Flathead rivers and the Clark fork 
of the Columbia. Agriculture without irrigation is 
most common in this part of the State, although a 
total of about 40,000 acres is being irrigated. Only 
a very little irrigation is practiced north of the Flat- 
head Lake, hardly more than 3,500 acres. South of 
the lake is territory that formerly was included in 
the Flathead Indian reservation. A small amount 
of land around the missions was irrigated. About 
5,000 acres in this part of the division are receiving 
irrigation water. 

TR.4NSPORTATION 

Montana, with an average length from east to 
west of 500 miles and an average width of 300 miles, 
has excellent transportation facilities. Three great 
transcontinental railroads traverse it from east to 
west: The Northern Pacific through the older 
southern and central sections; the Chicago, Mil- 
waukee & St. Paul through the central section, and 
the Great Northern through the northern section. 
The Oregon Short Line R. R. reaches the southern 
section; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., the 
southeastern section; Gilmore & Pittsburg R. R. 
in the southwestern section; Minneapolis, St. Paul 
& Sault Ste. Marie in the northeastern section. In 



30 



MONTANA 




oo^. 



^a.i^mm--r- '^^im.j>w;:«>v:-g 




*J!W rv, -'uy.:^.^ 



Potatoes on irrigated land in Montana are of high quaUty and yield from 400 bushels upward per acre 



addition to the main lines, each of these transcon- 
tinental railroads has constructed numerous branch 
lines, reaching the outer farming sections and giving 
the producer the benefits of railroad transportation. 

In the majority of the counties are branch lines 
bringing into close contact with the great markets 
of the State and Nation communities which ten 
years ago were isolated. In the development of the 
agricultural resources of Montana the railroads have 
played a most prominent part. 

Realizing that rural roads constitute a vital factor 
in the development of a state, Montana has in recent 
years paid particular attention to the construction 
of highways designed to open up those sections at a 
distance from the railroads and to reduce the expense 
of transporting farm products to market. Road 
building in Montana is under the jurisdiction of a 
State Highway Commission, and the State has com- 
plied with all the requirements of the Federal Gov- 
ernment so as to receive the benefits of the Federal 
Aid Loan Act. In thirty-one counties fifty-two 
Federal aid projects have been petitioned for. All 
of these projects provide for the improvement of 



agricultural haulage roads. The State Highway Com- 
mission furnishes the plans and supervises the con- 
struction of the roads so that counties are under no 
expense for that part of the work. During the com- 
ing five years Montana will spend on its roads 
$5,000,000, the greater portion of which will be 
expended on main agricultural roads and on the 
improvement of local rural roads. 

There is hardly a portion of Montana which does 
not enjoy telephonic communication. In many 
instances this is through rural telephone lines owned 
by the farmers, with connections with the larger 
systems. In other instances the large companies 
have developed the business. In the forested sec- 
tions of the State, the National Forest Service has 
installed telephone systems which in many cases 
co-operate with the farmers' lines. 

Rural mail routes are found in all portions of the 
State and from every town of any consequence 
there are rural lines, some with a daily service and 
others with service every other day. In addition 
to these rural routes there are star routes which 
serve the more sparsely settled sections. 



31 



MONTANA 



C^-ffi 



M^ 




Part of a 70-acre Eastern cornfield (Lakin's White Dent). This is a 1,300-acre fajin. Corn plowed twice and 

looks like a 50-bushel crop 

ISSUED BY 

United States Railroad Administration 
AGRICULTURAL SECTION 

J. L. EDWARDS, Manager 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 

FOR THE USE OF ALL RAILROADS IN THE STATE OF MONTANA 

For Further Information, address 



Baud McNallv A. Co. 
Chicago 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

iiiiiiiiiiiiiinMiirii lilllllilinillHIl 



003 192 348 7 



